Underfloor heating in northern China is mainly divided into two categories: centralized and individual. Centralized heating relies on the city's heating network or large boiler rooms. The technology is mature and the supply is stable. Taking a 100-square-meter apartment in Beijing as an example, the operating cost for one heating season is about 2,400 yuan. However, the heating time and temperature cannot be adjusted independently. Individual heating gives users more autonomy: gas-fired wall-hung boilers can combine heating and domestic hot water, with initial installation costs of about 12,000-34,000 yuan and quarterly operating costs of about 1,400 yuan; air source heat pumps have an energy efficiency ratio as high as 3:1, with lower operating costs and can also handle cooling, but heating efficiency decreases in severe cold; ground source heat pumps utilize the constant temperature of the soil, saving more than 40% in operating costs compared to traditional air conditioning, but require drilling, resulting in the highest initial installation cost; electric underfloor heating is comfortable and quiet, but operating costs are high, with some buildings reporting quarterly electricity bills exceeding 10,000 yuan. Driven by the "dual carbon" goals, the clean heating rate in northern China has reached nearly 80%. National policies offer preferential electricity and gas prices for "coal-to-gas" and "coal-to-electricity" conversions and encourage diverse clean heat sources such as solar energy, biomass energy, and industrial waste heat. Generally speaking, those seeking peace of mind and stability can choose centralized heating, while those prioritizing flexibility and energy efficiency can choose gas boilers or heat pumps. Electric underfloor heating is more suitable for small areas or localized supplementation. The actual choice should be based on a comprehensive decision considering local energy prices, building insulation, and individual budget.